Protection of the generator analysis

Protection of the generator analysis In the generator mainly faults are the earth faults and the inter turn faults they are caused by the thermal and mechanical stresses.The field system is usually ungrounded so when fault between field winding and rotor body exist does not give rise fault current. But when the second earth fault exist it short circuit the rotor winding and then produce the unsymmetrical field system and unbalance the force on rotor.This causes vibration of the rotor and damage the bearings.So rotor earth fault protection is to provided to restrict the fault spreading on ward. Because of that fault, unbalanceing in three phase stator currents exists.As the unbalance three phase currents have the negative sequence component, it rotates in a opposite direction at the synchronous speed giving rise to double frequency currents.This results in to the overheating of the rotor and also damage to the rotor.temperature indicators are used for detecting the rotor overheating. Rotor open circuit faults are less to exist causes arcing problems and reduced excitation. Loss of the field failure occurs due to the short circuit or open circuit in field winding. In the case of the generator start running as induction generator, supplying power as the leading power factor.Due to the loss of excitationand loss of synchronism and system stability occur.rotor protection can also be done by using the tripping scheme which opens the field circuit breaker which will trip the generator unit breaker. Rotor Protection: Different schemes are used for protection of faults occurring in rotor. These schemes are of the following: Rotor earth fault protection: As the field circuit are operating unearthed a single earth fault does not affect the operation of the generator.But this fault increases the stress to the ground because stator transients induce an extra voltage in the field winding.If there is only the single earth fault but the relay should be provided to give the knowledge that fault has to occurred so that the generator may take out of the service until the second fault occurs and become the cause of serious damage for the rotor. There are two basic methods used for the rotor earth fault protection of the generator. Method I: In this method a high resistance is connected across the rotor circuit and its mid point is grounded through a sensitive relay. This relay detects the earth fault for whole circuit except the rotor center point Method II: In this method dc injection or ac injection method is used. .In it either dc or ac voltage is connected between the field circuit and ground through a sensitive over voltage relay and current limiting resistor or capacitor. A single earth fault in the rotor circuit will complete the circuit including voltage source, sensitive over voltage relay and earth fault. DC injection method is simple and has no problems of leakage currents. If we use dc the over voltage relay will be more sensitive than if we use ac because in case when we use ac the relay not picking up the current that flows normally through capacitance to ground and also care should be taken to avoid resonance between capacitance and inductance. Rotor overheating Protection: Negative sequence component of the unbalanced currents of the stator winding causes double frequency current to be induced in the rotor winding due to this component overheating of the rotor take place. In case of over current due to over excitation in the rotor circuit, a dc relay is used. This relay senses and initiates alarm. Application of such relay is limited because relaying of dc quantities is relatively uncommon Rotor Temperature Alarm: This kind of protection is only provided in case of large generators. It gives the level of temperature. In it resistance is measured by comparing voltage and current by a double actuating quantity moving coil relay. The operating coil being used as voltage coil and restraining coil used as current coil. The relay measures the ratio of voltage and current because resistance gives the measure of rotor temperature. Automatic Field Suppression and Use of Neutral circuit Breaker: When a fault on the generator winding exist even through the generator circuit breaker is tripped, the fault continues to be fed as long as the excitation will exist. For the quick removal of the fault, it is necessary to disconnect the field simultaneously with disconnection of the generator. So it is very necessary to discharge its magnetic field as soon as possible in short duration. Hence it should be ensured that all protection system not only the trip the generator circuit breaker but also trip the automatic field discharge switch. Loss of Field Protection: Loss of field occurs due to tripping of the supply of the field current which occurs because of the reasons. Loss of field to the main exciter. Accidental tripping of the field breaker. Short circuit in the field circuit. Poor brush contact in exciter. Loss of AC supply to the excitation system. Field Protection Phenomena: when the field supply is tripped, it speed increased and it start behaving as induction generator so heavy currents are produced in the teeth and wedges of the rotor. Because of the drop in excitation voltage the generator output voltage drops slowly to compensate this voltage current start increasing then generator become under excited and start drawing reactive power 2 to 4 times the generator load. Before losing excitation, the generator is delivering power to the system. But when loss of field occur this large reactive load thrown on the system abruptly with loss of generatorà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“s reactive power and it further causes voltage reduction and extensive instability Protection against Loss of field:If the system has capability to tolerate the difference of reactive power then automatic protection is not required but if the system will be instable in this condition and has not capability to tolerate then automatic protection is required. Under current Moving coil relay is connected across a shunt in series with field winding. But in case of large generators which operate over a wide range of field excitation then this relay will not work properly because field failure due to the failure of the excitation is not detected by it because it is held in by the ac induced from the stator. The most valid type of protection in this case is by using directional-distance type relay operating by alternating current and voltage at the generator terminals. In offset-mho relay is used and its setting is like that when the excitation goes certain value then this relay start operating because machine start running asynchronously. Its characteristics are shown on R-X diagram. When excitation is lost the generator impedance start a curve from the first quadrant to the fourth quadrant. This region is enclosed in the operating area of the relay so the relay will operate when the generator starts to slip poles and will trip the field breaker and disconnect the generator from the system. The generator may then return to service when the cause of failure is cleared. Fig: Loss of field protection Effects produced by loss of field: It can endanger the generator. Connected system or both. Loss of synchronism. Over heating of stator winding. Increased rotor losses. Pole Slipping: When angular displacement of the rotor exceeds the stability limit then rotor slips a pole pitch or we can say rotor flux slips with respect to stator flux. This condition is called pole slipping. Causes of Pole Slipping Following are the causes for pole slipping. Power system fault that persists for long duration .Connecting line between two systems is open. Because of insufficient torque that keeps rotor in synchronism. Faulty excitation system Operating errors. Pole Slipping Phenomena: Pole slipping does not occur very often when faults are cleared very fast. When pole slipping occurs due to this synchronizing power will start flowing in reverse direction twice for every slip cycle. On drawing this synchronizing power on the impedance plane the flow of it characterized by cyclic change in the load impedance and load impedance locus passes between +R and à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬R quadrants because real power flows in reverse direction. When the load impedance is very reactive in nature then two systems are 180 degree out of phase, this instant is when drawn on the jx axis the point corresponding to this instant is called transition point. At this stage only reactive power flows and system voltage reached to zero at the electrical mid point of the two systems. Mid point is that point where pole slipping take place and its location can be determined from the apparent load impedance to the point where the locus crosses the jx axis. Three parameters magnitude, direction and rate of change of load impedance with respect to the generator terminals tell us about the pole slipping, that is it taking place. Fig: Offset mho type pole protection relay Need of Pole Slipping Protection High current and torque can Loosen or causes of wear off winding. Damage shaft and coupling. Stator and rotor over heating. Excitation system damage Protection of Generator due to Unbalanced Loading: Due to fault there is an imbalance in the three phase stator currents and due to these imbalance currents, double frequency currents are induced in the rotor core. This causes the over heating of the rotor and thus the rotor damage. Unbalanced stator currents also damage the stator. Negative sequence filter provided with the over current relay is used for the protection against unbalance loading. From the theory of the symmetrical components, we know that an unbalanced three phase currents contain the negative sequence component. This negative phase sequence current causes heating of the stator. The negative heating follows the resistance law so it is proportional to the square of the current. The heating time constant usually depend upon the cooling system used and is equal to I ²t=k where I is the negative sequence current and t is the current duration in seconds and k is the constant usually lies between 3 and 20. Its general practice to use negative current relays which matches with the above heating characteristics of the generator. In this type of protection three CTs are connected to three phases and the output from the secondaries of the CTs is fed to the coil of over current relay through negative sequence filter. Negative sequence circuit consists of the resistors and capacitors and these are connected in such way that negative sequence currents flows through the relay coil. The relay can be set to operate at any particular value of the unbalance currents or the negative sequence component current. Under and Over voltage protection: Over Voltage Protection: Over voltage occurs because of the increase in the speed of the prime mover due to sudden loss in the load on the generator. Generator over voltage does not occur in the turbo generator because the control governors of the turbo generators are very sensitive to the speed variation. But the over voltage protection is required for the hydro generator or gas turbine generators. The over voltage protection is provided by two over voltage relays have two units à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ one is the instantaneous relays which is set to pick up at 130 to 150% of the rated voltage and another unit is IDMT which is set to pick up at 110% of rated voltage. Over voltage may occur due to the defective voltage regulator and also due to manual control errors. Under Voltage Protection: If more than one generators supply the load and due to some reason one generator is suddenly trip, then another generators try to supply the load. Each of these generators will experience a sudden increase in current and thus decreases the terminal voltage. Automatic voltage regulator connected to the system try to restore the voltage. And under voltage relay type-27 is also used for the under voltage protection. Under/Over Frequencies Protection: Over Frequency Operation: Over frequency results from the excess generation and it can easily be corrected by reduction in the power outputs with the help of the governor or manual control Under Frequency Operation: Under frequency occurs due to the excess. During an overload, generation capability of the generator increases and reduction in frequency occurs. The power system survives only if we drop the load so that the generator output becomes equal or greater than the connected load. If the load increases the generation, then frequency will drop and load need to shed down to create the balance between the generator and the connected load. The rate at which frequency drops depend on the time, amount of overload, on the load and generator variations as the frequency changes. Frequency decay occurs within the seconds so we can not correct it manually. Therefore automatic load shedding facility needs to be applied. These schemes drops load in steps as the frequency decays. Generally load shedding drops 20 to 50% of load in four to six frequency steps. Load shedding scheme works by tripping the substation feeders to decrease the system load. Generally automatic load shedding schemes are designed to maintain the balance between the load connected and the generator. The present practice is to use the under frequency relays at various load points so as to drop the load in steps until the declined frequency return to normal. Non essential load is removed first when decline in frequency occurs. The setting of the under frequency relays based on the most probable condition occurs and also depend upon the worst case possibilities.During the overload conditions, load shedding must occur before the operation of the under frequency relays. In other words load must be shed before the generators are tripped. Stator Over Heating: ProtectionStator over heating is caused due to the overloads and failure in cooling system. It is very difficult to detect the over heating due to the short circuiting of the lamination before any serious damage is caused. Temperature rise depend upon I^2Rt and also on the cooling. Over current relays can not detect the winding temperature because electrical protection can not detect the failure of the cooling systemSo to protect the stator against over heating, embed resistance temperature detector or thermocouples are used in the slots below the stator coils. These detectors are located on the different places in the windings so that to detect the temperature throughout the stator. Detectors which provide the indication of temperature change are arranged to operate the temperature relay to sound an alarm Stator Ground Fault Protection: The method of grounding affects the protection which is employed by the differential protection. High impedance reduces the fault currents and thus it is very difficult to detect the high impedance fault, differential protection does not work for the high impedance grounding. The separate relay to the ground neutral provides the sensitive protection. But ground relay can also detect the fault beyond the generator, it the time co-ordination is necessary to over come this difficulty. If we use the star- delta transformer bank, then it will block the flow of ground currents, thus preventing the occurrence of the fault on other side of the bank from operating ground relays. In unit protection scheme the transformer bank limits the operation of the fault relay to the generator

Sample of Resume

ALVIN B. PAILAN Address: BRGY,. Cabanbanan, Pagsanjan Laguna Mobile No. : 0909-4245-651 Email: [email  protected] com OBJECTIVES: To obtain a position that will best fit my qualification and develop further my ability and skills for a Continues career development. WORK EXPERIENCE Employer: ASIAPRO COOP. , Project: MANILA DOCTORS HOSPITAL Address: UN Avenue Ermita Manila Position: Plumber Maintenance Inclusive Date: November 3, 2008 to PresentJob description:-Responsible for maintaining of submersible, motor pump and installation of piping -repair plumbing works lavatory faucet, water closet -repair and installation of water supply -responsible preventive maintenance of vacuum pump and drinking fountain -monitoring of fire pump -responsible for cleaning of water tank and cistern tank – de-clogged sewer line and sanitary line – cleaning grease trap Company: INTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL MANILA Employer: ENJAYS HOTEL (HOLIDAY INN) Position: SHIFT PLUMBERInclusive Date: Septembe r 1999 – July 2004 Job Description: -Maintaining of fan coil unit -Repair kitchen equipment -Monitoring of submersible pump -Back washing of swimming pool filter -Repair plumbing works lavatory faucet, water closet -Welding and acetylene copper pipe -De Clogged all drain line -Corrective maintenance of plumbing work Company: KAPALARAN BUS LINE Address: PAGSAWITAN STA CRUZ LAGUNA Position: AUTO AIRCON MECHANIC Inclusive Date: May 1994 – September 1998 Job Description: -Welding and acetylene copper Pipe -charging Freon -Vacuuming Trouble shooting and repair air-condition Company:SANMIGUEL FOOD CORPORATION Address:Cabuyao Laguna Position:Sales Representative Inclusive Date:September 1998 – October 1999 Job Description:-Delivery of all items magnolia foods -Receiving product Seminar Attended: -Basic Safety Course The maritime training center of the Philippines 3rd floor G. E. Antonio bldg,. TM Kalaw St. Ermita Manila February 15, 2002 -Medical Gas Safety Training,. (CIGI) Manila Doctors Hospital January 13, 2010 -INGASCO INC. , Product knowledge and Safe gas handling Seminar Manila Doctors Hospital April 21, 2010 -DCDC AerocomEngineering training Manila Doctors Hospital September 16, 2010 -Pacific paint (Boysen) Philippines INC,. Boysen Painting Seminar Manila Doctors Hospital March 30, 2011 -Basic Life Support Course (Lay Rescuer) Manila Doctors Hospital August 12, 2011 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Tertiary Education: LAGUNA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADE Address: BRGY. ,BUBUKAL,STA. CRUZ LAGUNA Course:Refrigeration and air-conditioning Technology YEAR GRADUATED: 1992 – 1994 Secondary Education: LAGUNA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADE Address: BRGY. ,BUBUKAL,STA. CRUZ LAGUNA Year Graduated:1988 – 1992 Primary Education: UNSON ELEMENTARY SCHOOLAddress: BRGY. , CABANBANAN PAGSANJAN LAGUNA Year Graduated: 1982 -1988 SPECIAL SKILLS:Acetylene / gas welding -Plumbing works – Refrigeration and air-conditioning -Installation of piping PERSONAL DATA Date of Birth:October 16, 1975 Birth Place: Pagsanjan Laguna Civil Status: Married Religion: Roman Catholic Nationality: Filipino Height: 5’6 Weight: 160 lbs. Dialects: English / Filipino Fathers name: Bienvinido pailan Occupation: Driver Mothers name: Avelina Baltera Occupation: Sewer â€Å"I hereby certify that all the information above are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief’’

Movie Review Pay It Forward - 999 Words

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The acting in this film is phenomenal. Kevin Spacey gives an inspiring performance, while Haley Osment provides the innocent kid that is neglected but has a great idea to perfection. Arlene (Helen Hunt) could have done a better job of seeming more into the role at sometimes she seemed detached to me and that would have made it all around amazing acting wise. Trevor’s mother, who is recovering from alcoholism, doesn’t seem to have a good relationship with her son. He encourages her to quit drinking as it brings moreShow MoreRelatedNetflix Strategy1184 Words   |  5 Pagesis a U.S provider of on-demand Internet streaming media. Launched in1997, it originally offered DVD rental on a pay-per-use basis. In 1999, the company moved to a subscriptionbased model. In January 2008, Netflix began offering unlimited steaming content. Initial approach aimed to position the company as a low-cost video rental service competing with the brick and mortar stores and movie theaters. 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The Social Construction Of Black Female Sexuality

Description As a Sociology major, I am learning to understand both broad and narrow social phenomena, concerns and problems, and in doing so, they integrate the findings of other social science disciplines. One of the many social phenomena’s I have been interested in during my time at Kingston University is discussing sex and gender. Primarily, Judith Butlers ‘performativity’ explains how ‘females’ and ‘males’ gendered roles are performed naturally through a routinely stylized behavior and how gender exist only because it is being acted out and performed. Furthermore, Simone de Beauvoir’s, The Second Sex hugely became an influential book during the second wave feminism, which involved sexuality, family, workplace, reproductive rights, etc. In her book, women are perceived as the â€Å"other,† as a default sex. She distinguishes sex and gender and states that gender is gradually acquired. 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Of Mice and Men Literary Analysis - 1242 Words

Of Mice and Men Literary Analysis Of Mice and Men is a novel about two men and their struggle to reach their dreams of owning their own ranch. George Milton and Lennie Small are best friends, who despite of all their extremely difference personalities, but still manage to work together, travel together and get rid of anything that gets in their way. The friendship between George and Lennie is prevalent throughout the book, but it is shown most explicitly in their plan to live on a farm together in the future. The way in which this dream is articulated to represent the idealized friendship they share. The author Steinbeck uses nearly all of the characters in this novel to express the importance of having a real and true friendship.†¦show more content†¦Also, in section five, Crooks reveals how easy it is to feel crazy when you are alone. With no one to confirm his reality, he begins to say: A guy needs somebody-to be near him. He whined, A guy goes nuts if he ain t got nobody (Steinbeck, 72)†. The im portance of the relationship between George and Lennie is reinforced by Crook’s poorness. The relationship between George and Lennie is envied by the other characters who thirst for a good companionship just like them. However, Many of the characters admit to suffering from loneliness throughout the text. As the story develops, Candy, Crooks, and Curley s wife all confess their deep loneliness in life. Each of these characters searches for a friend, someone to help them measure the world. Loneliness is a significant factor in several characters lives. Candy is lonely after his dog is gone. Curley s wife is lonely because her husband is not the guy she hoped for, so she deals with her loneliness by flirting with the men on the ranch, which causes Curley to increase his jealousy. Nevertheless, the companionship of George and Lennie is also the result of loneliness. A guy goes nuts if he ain t got nobody. 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In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, George and Lennie are two wandering souls, both very different in stature and appearance, yet very alike in spirit. It is in this relationship that the true foundation of companionship is expressed. In the beginning of Steinbeck’s novella, George and Lennie haveRead MoreOf Mice And Men Rhetorical Analysis1458 Words   |  6 Pages Of Mice and Men Rhetorical Analysis Adrian Blackstone Mrs. Adkins AP Lang Comp 3/5/15 In 1929 the effect of The Great Depression echoed throughout The United States. Forcing many farmers to sell their farms and give up on their pursuit of the widely sought after American Dream. Although in third person Steinbeck centers the novella around the two main characters George, and Lennie. Using strong rhetorical strategies such as diction, imagery, novel structure, and literary devices. 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A brothers keeper is someone who looks over and protects one and other, in other words a guardian angel. The main character in The Five People you Meet in Heaven Eddie s life is turned around on his birthday when he is killed and put into heaven where he meets five peopleRead MoreInfluence Of Writer s Life And Times1416 Words   |  6 Pageshardship and destitution, greatly influenced John Steinbeck and his dismal novella, Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck, though raised in a fairly successful family in Salinas, California, knew what it felt like to scrounge for money. Working as a laborer and journalist in New York City, Steinbeck remembers his time immediately after college as hungry, dirty, penniless, and lonely, much like the main characters of Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck grew up with a love of writing, and dreamed of writing stories about hisRead MoreAnalysis Of Of Mice And Men1132 Words   |  5 PagesMax Nesins Mrs. Thompson HSE 1; Period 3 November 3, 2015 Analysis of Of Mice and Men. During the 1930’s Great Depression, author, John Steinbeck (1902-1968) wrote many books regarding the difficulties and tragedies that struck farmers who strived to make a living in a rural, and destitute California. One intriguing novel that exhibits his common themes is Of Mice and Men. People similar to Lennie, strive to achieve their dream in America, the land of unlimited potential, despite the depressionRead MoreJohn Steinbeck: An American Writer During the Great Depression1315 Words   |  6 PagesMillions of workers have been laid off and struggled in poverty on account of the great depression. Refugees and migrant workers traveled around the state, longing for job. Under that historical background, John Steinbeck wrote this novel in 1937. Of Mice and Men is the second novel of his labor trilogy. It is mainly talk about two migrant workers George and Lennie’s working experience in a ranch. They hope to earn a piece of small land and live together happily in that hard time. It is also called theRead MoreSummary Of Of Mice And Men 2276 Words   |  10 PagesKratin Kumar Period 2 Mrs.Maude 4/17/15 Of Mice and Men Homework Assignments Chapter One I. Interpreting Meaning 1. In Of Mice and Men, Lennie Small is a large, lumbering man who acts like a child. What makes him a child is that mentally he is challenged. Because Lennie has a mental disability, he is dependent on George for all his needs. George is a well-fit human being while Lenny is disabled, causing George to be in charge of Lennie. The disabled one does not manipulate the knowledge one, butRead MoreOf Mice and Men Essay on Loneliness1318 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 9 10 March 2014 Of Mice and Men Literary Analysis Essay on Loneliness â€Å"Actually, feeling lonely has little to do with how many friends you have. It s the way you feel inside. Some people who feel lonely may rarely interact with people and others who are surrounded by people but don t feel connected† (Karyn Hall 2013). Truthfully, loneliness is something almost all people fear. It s a deeper feeling then just being isolated. It s feeling distant or disconnected from others.

The Philosophy of the Human Person Free Essays

string(170) " the intrinsic relation of the dynamic structure of human knowing passes from the side of the subject \(intention intendeds\) to the side of object \(intention intent\)\." But the outcome of any philosophical inquiry is determined by its starting place† relates to the question of horizon, a limit of what can be seen from a definite perspective consisted of a subjective and objective fixed point of reference. Horizon is not a figure of speech but our framework to understand something and to make a decision. It is a framework of choices. We will write a custom essay sample on The Philosophy of the Human Person or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is our awareness of the choices among the philosophies in life. Choice connotes freedom. We are free to choose a philosophy that is best for us and apply it. If what we chose as a philosophy is inapplicable, then we choose another philosophy and change our perspective. As stated by Professor Florentine Horned, â€Å"Our horizon affects the choices we make about what life is. When one’s horizon is bigger, the choice is more difficult. † How do we know our horizon? It poses an inquiry, â€Å"Do we believe in anything? † And the answer depends on our choices of what to believe or not to believe. Ultimately, the question â€Å"Who am l? † will be answered in determining our horizon. William Shakespearean Hamlet line, â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question† finds application in the starting point of one’s horizon. Likewise, we adopt Socrates’ statement â€Å"Know Thy Self† which is an examination of one’s life and purpose. For example, we examine if our purpose is to serve others, if it is, then our horizon is about selfless service. We are inclined to offer ourselves for humanitarian causes. We are engrossed in helping others in need and in distress. We are engaged in an active social work as a volunteer. Another example, an elementary grade pupil named Lily who dreams of becoming a lawyer like her father. The philosophical inquiry of Lily is â€Å"what is Justice? † The outcome of this inquiry is determined by her horizon. Obviously, Lily’s idea of â€Å"Justice† is narrow and limited. She, by reason of her tender age, can be influenced easily by his parents’ or schoolteachers’ definition of Justice. When she saw a neighbor being arrested and handcuffed by the policeman, she heard that her neighbor shot another and she immediately concluded that her neighbor is a criminal who deserves to be Jailed not knowing that there is a legal process for it known as a trial. She lauded the act of the swift arrest by the policemen on her neighbor who was not doing anything other than resting in his house. She says that there is Justice in the country because what she heard from her teacher, † A Justice delayed , is a Justice denied. In the case of her neighbor, there was no delay of Justice because of the abrupt arrest. When she became a high school student, her idea of Justice changes. Her horizon broaden because she watches TV programs and reads newspapers. When she became a law student, her horizon further broaden because she studying Justice in its legal sense. She now knew that the neighbor’s arrest was illegal because said neighbor was not in the act of committing a crime or has committed it. There was no warrant of arrest presented to her neighbor, a constitutional violation under Article Ill, Section 2, Philippine Constitution. She learned that her neighbor was a victim of injustice. So, she wanted to defend him or someone like him who is a victim of injustice. After passing the bar, Lily became a lawyer who was accepted as a public attorney, a paupers’ counsel who represent and defend them for free in court. Then, Lily came across a case similar to her neighbor. She defended him well contending the illegality of his arrest. When the decision was pronounced, she witnessed the crying ND anguish of the family members and relatives of the victim shot by her client. The court acquitted the man because of the able defense and trial skills of Lily. However, outside the courtroom, the man admitted the killing and thanked Lily for defending him to escape punishment even he is guilty. Because of this experience, Lily’s horizon expanded. She saw the injustice committed on the victim and the family members because of the acquittal of the man, she thought was innocent but actual a guilty one. When Lily was promoted as a public prosecutor, her experiences as a public attorney is carried to her new role, thereby, giving her evolved notion of what Justice is. And finally, when Lily became a Judge, she has a different view of the philosophical inquiry of â€Å"what is Justice? And its outcome is determined by its starting point, that is, the horizon of Lily as a Judge. Her horizon is not only looking at the east side of the sky as a public attorney or its west side as a public prosecutor but looking at the entire sky to answer the philosophical inquiry of â€Å"what is Justice? † Our basic drive is to know. Our human knowi ng is through our senses like seeing, hearing, smelling, touching and tasting. The rationality of knowing consists of inquiring, imagining, understanding, conceiving, formulating, reflecting, marshalling and weighing evidence. The enlightenment of knowing are Judging, deliberating, evaluating, deciding, speaking and writing. â€Å"The intrinsic objectivity of human cognitional activity is its intentionality’ can be restated to be the essential external reality of knowing is its purpose. Our goal of our knowing and perceiving is in its intention. We are living questionnaires by nature. When we experience things, we ask question like â€Å"Why it is so? † that leads to the formulation in definition, hypotheses ND theories. Accordingly, the intention is a dynamic structure of knowing. This intention is unrestricted and limitless because there is nothing that we cannot question. The same intention is comprehensive because our questioning probes every aspect of everything. As answers stands to questions, our cognitional activities stand to the intention of our being. Our answer is to a question because both have the same intention. Thus, the intrinsic relation of the dynamic structure of human knowing passes from the side of the subject (intention intendeds) to the side of object (intention intent). You read "The Philosophy of the Human Person" in category "Papers" For example, the question, what is this? Ends an information to our mind the words â€Å"this† and â€Å"is†. The â€Å"what† refers to â€Å"this†. This sending of an information did not settle any issue but it did raise an issue described by Bernard Lonelier, SO to be â€Å"neither knowledge nor ignorance of the essence and existence but it is the intention of both. † What the essence is and if the essence exists are questions not answers that unites the side of the subject (intention intendeds) to the side of object (intention intent) in our knowing and perceiving. To explicate this, let us take a case at a police station. There are three suspects for investigation by the police Homicide section. A man was killed by an unidentified assailant. The three suspects interposed the defense of denial and alibi. The first suspect said that he was at their province when the crime occurred. The other was attending a fiesta. The last suspect claimed to be at his brother’s house. The witness identified the three to be perpetrators of the crime. They were indicted by the public prosecutor. During the trial, the cross-examination by a prosecutor is a cognitional activity. The object of such is either to build up the theory of prosecution r to destroy the theory of defense. So, every question is loaded with a purpose. Otherwise, the truth will be elusive that will result to injustice to all the parties. â€Å"Why is this crime committed? † the prosecutor in knowing this passes from the side of the subject (intention intendeds) to the side of object (intention intent). This intention is unrestricted and limitless because there is nothing the prosecutor cannot question to the accused at the witness stand. From our viewpoint, we can no longer think of life as a mere and pure spontaneity. We can no longer think of reflection as our life’s antagonist. It is essential to adopt that reflections are part of our life. â€Å"Reflection is one of the life’s ways of rising from one level of being to another. † Reflection is a process of recalling or re-examining our past experiences in order to understand them. It is either a primary reflection or secondary reflection. The primary reflection examines its object by abstraction, by analytically breaking it down into its constituent parts. It is concern with definitions, essences and technical solutions to problems. It answers the question â€Å"What am l? † while the secondary reflection is synthetic that unites than vides and answers the question â€Å"Who am l†. As stated by Professor Florentine Horned, â€Å"The primary reflection is a pragmatic solver of problem like posing a question, if you do not know how to make a living, how can you feed the hungry? There must be a solution too problem. † The balancing of primary reflection (â€Å"What am R†) and secondary reflection (â€Å"Who am I†) is the existential fulcrum. To reflect is to ask oneself something that occurred and to go back in time and recall the moment. We exercise it on things that are worth reflecting about. We reflect on our experiences. The richer is our experience, the more is our reflection. When we experience obstacles and adversities, our reflection occur being checked by a certain break in the continuity of experience that it becomes necessary to pass from one level to another. In passing from lower level to higher level, we recover from the higher level the unity that was lost on the lower level. For example, when a judgment was rendered at a Regional Trial Court, there was a reflection made by the Presiding Judge on the evidence presented by the prosecution and defense and their respective arguments. When the Judgment was appealed, the decision was reviewed y Court of Appeal Justices. There is another reflection on the case to arrive at a judgment whether to affirm or reverse it. When the Judgment is reversed, the reflection is raised up from one level, the reflection of a Judge in the Regional Trial Court, to another level, may be a higher one, the reflection of a Justice in the Court of Appeals. When the Judgment of the Court of Appeals is brought up to the Supreme Court, the Judgment rendered by the latter is a reflection that is raised to the highest level, which everyone, must respect and abide for our Supreme Court is a final arbiter of a case. There may be a fresh set of Jurisprudence created out of this reflection. â€Å"Each symbol gives rise to comprehension by means of interpretation. † Signs are expressions that carry out meaning revealed through the intention of the signifying that is conveyed by words. Not every sign is a symbol. A symbol suggests â€Å"something†. All symbols are full of meaning. Different people interpret symbols differently. Every symbol is subject to different interpretation. Hence, a symbol can have different meanings. How can the symbol be a starting point for thought without leading back to the same old interpretations? The answer lies in the relationship between symbols and hermeneutics. This interpretation is both in the symbol and beyond. There are three (3) stages of this interpretation which are: (1) phenomenology which is the comprehension of the symbol by the symbol or by a symbol as a whole. Professor Florentine Horned said, â€Å"The things should be interpreted by going back to the things themselves. The realities should be studied not contemplated. The whole should give meaning to the parts while the parts should give meaning to the whole. † His example is the image of the Mama Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ. She symbolizes purity, spotless or cleanliness, thus the description â€Å"Immaculate† Mary from a root word â€Å"Macaulay† meaning a spot or stain. Her description is attributed by the story in our Bible that she conceived Jesus Christ, the son of God, without having engaged in a sexual intercourse, which the act itself is viewed to be dirty or unclean. Another example our Professor Florentine Horned discussed is the word â€Å"extrapolation. † â€Å"Ex†, meaning out, Nina† meaning way which is the truth. For him, â€Å"there is a road and there is an outside to the road. Our world has the inside and outside. It has a right side and wrong side. Sometimes, we get lost due to equal value of things. We do not know what philosophical side to take even though philosophy is simple. We complicate it. † ; (2) the hermeneutics which is the interpretation applied in each case to an individual text. This is a start of intelligent deciphering symbolized by a knot, interpreted as a circle expressed in a statement, muff must comprehend in order to believe but you must believe in order to comprehend†; and (3) the thought starting from symbols which is finding a philosophy hidden under symbols and the task of philosophy is to promote and shape the meaning in a creative interpretation. To illustrate, the symbol off Justice is a blindfolded lady carrying a scale. This is interpreted by another symbol of a balance or weighing scale known as phenomenology. When the lady blindfold is removed or the scale carried is heavier at one side than the other, this is an interpretation of injustice, this is known as hermeneutics. There is a message behind the symbol to be deciphered intelligently. When the symbol of lady Justice is changed, thereby promoting and shaping the meaning in a creative interpretation, this is what Paul Recover’s referred to as the â€Å"thought starting from symbols. What new symbol can represent Justice in our modern times? The thoughts from the symbol of Justice creates a new philosophy giving us new comprehension as to what justice is that is responsive to our times. We interpret, we comprehend. New symbols are born with this comprehension. Our union of encounter is based on experience. It is a mystery that takes place on the higher level of our human existence. In many cases, we have no physical contact or material contact in our encounter with others but the result of union is deeper than anything. Deeper than what our bodily contact can produce. Thus, â€Å"We have the existential presence which is a common spiritual bond in virtue of which each is present in the other and participates in the being of another. This existential presence differs from spatial proximity or nearness which is indicated in our daily life as â€Å"presence†. An example is a congregation of lawyers attending in a convention. They are proximate to each other but they are not existentially present to one another unless there is an introspective communion between them. This communion is exemplified by the talking and debating of these congregation of racers in the convention who get the chance to know each other, thus, starting to recognize each other’s presence. The nature of this existential presence cannot be forcibly realized in opposition to spatial proximity. In our example, the congregation of lawyers made their proximity to each other possible even with them objecting to it because there is a rule to follow for them to be proximate to each other like they have their respective seat assignment. This cannot be in existence presence. The lawyers who are seatmates during the convention can choose not to talk to each other. They can choose to completely ignore each other from start to the end of the convention. One lawyer cannot be forced to be present to others without his liking much more when he is opposed to the existence of the said presence. For existential presence is not subject to a rule unlike spatial proximity. Engineers Van Greengrocer elucidates this with his example, â€Å"l am able to stay near someone against his will and I may compel someone else to remain with me. But the communion can be obtained only through the free mutual engagement of the persons involved. I may appeal to the there to be existentially present with me, but if he refuses, I cannot force him. The very imposition of my will would emphasize the separation between our personal being and destroy even the possibility of an encounter. Similarly, I may offer myself to be authentically with the other but if he does not freely open himself, my insistence is in vain. Existential presence, therefore, cannot be forced. All I can do is open myself to it and welcome it when it is realized. † As the old saying goes, Mimi can lead the horse to the river, and you can even try to bring the water to the horse, but you cannot force it to drink the water. † How to cite The Philosophy of the Human Person, Papers

Asda free essay sample

Asda is the UK’s second largest supermarket. It was founded in 1949 under the name of Associated Dairies and Farm Group but shortened this to Asda in 1965. It is a retailer focused on selling food, clothing, electronics, toys, home furnishings and general merchandise. Asda also offers a range of additional services such as ‘Asda Money’ financial services. In 1999 Asda became a subsidiary of Walmart, the largest supermarket chain in the world. This enabled Walmart to enter the UK market but also gave Asda access to the full range of expertise of the Walmart company. Walmart currently employs over 2 million colleagues worldwide in 27 countries. In the UK, Asda is one of the largest employers with over 175,000 colleagues working across its many formats. These include a variety of roles in its Superstores, Supermarkets, Home Office, Distribution, George and Asda Living. Asda continues to expand its operations in the UK and recently acquired a number of stores from Netto to increase the number of local Asda Supermarkets. We will write a custom essay sample on Asda or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Asda wants to be a trusted employer. Its success as a leading retailer is dependent on its trained and engaged colleagues providing excellent customer service. This case study demonstrates how Asda’s recruitment and selection processes, teamed with effective leadership and its colleague engagement strategies, are helping the company to achieve its mission. Read more: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/asda/effective-recruitment-and-selection/introduction.html#ixzz2lbRkzovy Follow us: @Thetimes100 on Twitter | thetimes100casestudies on FacebookPage 2: Organisational culture At the heart of Asda’s success is its organisational culture which has been built over time. This defines how colleagues behave at Asda. It ranges from how colleagues treat customers and other external stakeholders to how they treat each other. Asda’s culture of trust pervades all that happens within all elements of Asda’s operations. Asda is a company with a conscience, dedicated to doing the right thing for its customers, colleagues and communities. Andy Clarke, President and CEO states: ‘Building trust with each other is the most important step to winning the absolute trust of our customers.’ Asda’s beliefs are behind every decision that every colleague within the company makes and help influence the organisation’s culture. These are: to provide excellent service to our customers